Abdul Kareem Nabeel Suleiman Amer (Arabic: عبد الكريم نبيل سليمان عامر, IPA: [ʕæbdelkeˈɾiːm næˈbiːl seleˈmæːn ˈʕæːmeɾ, -kæˈɾiːm-]) (born c. 1984) is an Egyptian blogger and former law student. He was arrested by Egyptian authorities for posts on his blog that were considered to be anti-religious and insulting to Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. On February 22, 2007, in his native city Alexandria, Amer was sentenced to three years of imprisonment for insulting Islam and inciting sedition and one year for insulting the Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak.[1] He was the first blogger in Egypt explicitly arrested for the content of his writing, and was released on November 17, 2010,[2] but not before he was beaten and illegally detained by Egyptian security forces.[3]
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Kareem Amer, a secular Egyptian, accused of Atheism, completed elementary and secondary school at al-Azhar University. He wished to complete a biology degree, but family pressure forced him to enroll in al-Azhar's Department of Shari'a and Legal Studies instead.
In 2004, Kareem began expressing his reformist views at Modern Discussion, as well as Copts United by 2005. By mid-2006, he discontinued publishing at Copts United because he accuses them of limiting his writings to only criticizing Muslims and not Copts as well.[4]
Amer first came to the attention of Egyptian authorities after he published a series of blog writings highly critical of the Muslim role in the deadly sectarian riots in Alexandria in 2005, the result of a play performed at a Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria,[5] and the violent reaction of the Muslim community over the play's 'insult to Islam'.[6]
On October 26, 2005, Amer was arrested for the first time by Egyptian state security agency Amn al-Dawla for anti-religious posts on his blog. He was detained for twelve days, and his books and personal writings were confiscated.[7]
Early in 2006, Amer was expelled from al-Azhar University, Damanhour Campus, for criticizing some of the university's conservative instructors, writing in his blog that the "professors and sheikhs at al-Azhar who ... stand against anyone who thinks freely" would "end up in the dustbin of history". He also posted writings that promoted secularism and women's rights.
Amer referred to the university as "the university of terrorism" and said that the institution stifles free thought.[1]
University administrators also filed a communiqué to the Public Prosecutor Office against their former student, alleging he was "spreading rumours endangering public security" and "defaming President Mubarak".
On November 6, 2006, Amer was again detained by the public persecution after they questioned him aboout his writing in modern disscution that were considered by authorities to be of an irreligious nature, and because of al-Azhar's complaint to the Public Prosecutor Office.[8]
The interrogation process involved violations by the Public Prosecutor's Office, according to the human rights lawyer of The Arabic Network for Human Rights Information (ANHRI) who represented Kareem Amer before the prosecutor. The observed violations include the illegal attendance of three interrogators, their laughing at Kareem Amer while interrogating him, and their addressing unwarranted questions to him (e.g. "Do you fast during Ramadan?", "Do you practice prayer?").
The Public Prosecutor told Kareem that if he did not abandon his views, even though personal, he may be imprisoned. Nevertheless, Kareem Amer insisted on his right to freedom of expression. Consequently, Egyptian prosecutors ordered that Amer be held in a detention center in Alexandria until November 22 at least.[9] His detention was renewed four times before his trial opened in an Alexandria court.
Specifically, Kareem was charged with:
On January 25, 2007, a hearing took place before a court in Alexandria. Kareem's defence lawyers requested the trial be adjourned so that a computer expert could be called to identify where the Web site Modern Discussion is hosted. It was argued that if the site was not hosted in Egypt, the Egyptian courts may be unable to persecute Kareem for his writings on that site.
During the hearing, a lawyer in the court room introduced himself as Mohamed Dawoud, and immediately submitted a claim against Kareem for his "incitement to hatred of Islam". The new claim was added as a new case that Kareem will be held accountable for, even if he were to be acquitted from all the current charges made against him.
The trial was adjourned to February 1, 2007.
Prosecution arguments in the February 1, 2007 session were given by a team of Muslim lawyers who volunteered to serve as the 'representatives of the people,' an arrangement allowed under Egyptian law. The government's state prosecutors, who drew up the legal case against Nabil, were not present.
In a heated exchange during the court session, prosecution lawyers accused Kareem of being an 'apostate' and called on judge Ayman al-Akazi to hand Kareem the maximum punishment. As a result, a heated exchange occurred between the prosecution and defence until the judge demanded order.
Kareem defended himself by saying:
"I don't see what I have done," he said from the defendant’s cage. "I expressed my opinion...the intention was not anything like these [charges]."
Defence lawyers argued that crimes related to the Internet were new in Egypt and that the penal code did not cover them.
Prosecution lawyer Mohamed Dawoud told The Associated Press:
"I want him [Nabil] to get the toughest punishment," Dawoud told . "I am on a jihad here ... If we leave the likes of him without punishment, it will be like a fire that consumes everything."
The trial was adjourned to February 22, 2007 where the judge said Nabil was guilty and would serve three years for insulting Islam and inciting sedition, and one year for insulting Mr Mubarak.
The Blogger's father "Nabil Sulaiman" has mocked the human rights organizations which tried to release his son and called for applying Islamic Law "allowing him to repent within three days before killing him in case he will not do" according to the Egyptian newspaper "Al-Masri Alyaum".[12]
United States Congressmen Trent Franks (R-AZ) and Barney Frank (D-MA) wrote to Egyptian Ambassador Nabil Fahmy regarding the arrest and imprisonment of Kareem. Congressman Franks also said:
"Democracies must allow for freedom of speech and certainly for the tolerance of diverse religious beliefs. I laud Mr. Amer’s recognition that violence in the name of religion is unacceptable. I urge the Egyptian government to free Mr. Amer and to protect its citizens from persecution."[13]
Three Italian MPs have written letters to the Egyptian Ambassador to Italy: Former Minister of Defense Antonio Martino, President of the 10th Permanent Commission (Productive Affairs, Trade and Tourism) Daniele Capezzone, and Senator Gaetano Quagliariello.[14]
United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) Member of the European Parliament (MEP) Derek Clark made a speech at the EU parliament in Strasbourg on the matter of Abdeel Kareem Nabil and human rights in Egypt. The MEP for the East Midlands region called for the European Union to take advantage of a recently signed trade agreement with Egypt, which states 'Support Egyptian government efforts to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms in line with international conventions to which Egypt is party'. [1]